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可控硅與晶閘管有區別嗎？

來源：21ic電子網    日期：2018-10-11    瀏覽量：載入中...

可控(kong)硅與晶閘(zha)管有區別嗎？
可控硅與晶閘管有區別嗎？本文將從可控硅與晶閘管的工作原理及結構原件材料進行比較，而后進行區別，在簡單介紹一下其在電路中的作用。
可控(kong)硅
可(ke)控(kong)硅(Silicon Controlled Recfier) 簡稱(cheng)(cheng)SCR，是一種大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率電器(qi)元件，也(ye)稱(cheng)(cheng)晶閘管。它具有體(ti)積(ji)小、效率高、壽命長(chang)等優點。在自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)，可(ke)作為大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率驅動(dong)器(qi)件，實現用小功(gong)(gong)率控(kong)件控(kong)制(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率設備。它在交直流電機調速系(xi)統(tong)、調功(gong)(gong)系(xi)統(tong)及隨動(dong)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)得(de)到了較多的應(ying)用。
可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)分(fen)單(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)和雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)兩種(zhong)。雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)也叫三(san)端雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)，簡稱TRIAC。雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)在結構上相當于兩個單(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)連接，這種(zhong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)具有雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)導(dao)通功能。其通斷(duan)狀態(tai)由控制極G決定。在控制極G上加正脈沖(chong)(或(huo)負脈沖(chong))可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)其正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(或(huo)反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))導(dao)通。這種(zhong)裝置的優點(dian)是(shi)控制電路簡單(dan)，沒有反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)耐壓問題，因(yin)此特(te)別(bie)適合做交(jiao)流無觸(chu)點(dian)開關使(shi)(shi)用。
工作原理
結構原件
可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)硅是(shi)P1N1P2N2四層三(san)端結構元件，共有三(san)個(ge)(ge)PN結，分析原理(li)時，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)把(ba)它看(kan)作(zuo)由一(yi)個(ge)(ge)PNP管(guan)和(he)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)NPN管(guan)所組成，其等效圖解(jie)如右圖所示。雙(shuang)(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)硅：雙(shuang)(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)硅是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)硅可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)整流器件，也(ye)稱作(zuo)雙(shuang)(shuang)向(xiang)晶閘(zha)管(guan)。這種(zhong)器件在電路中能夠實現交流電的無觸點控(kong)(kong)(kong)制，以(yi)小電流控(kong)(kong)(kong)制大電流，具有無火花、動(dong)作(zuo)快、壽命長(chang)、可(ke)(ke)靠性高以(yi)及(ji)簡化電路結構等優點。從外表上(shang)看(kan)，雙(shuang)(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)硅和(he)普通可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)硅很相(xiang)似，也(ye)有三(san)個(ge)(ge)電極。
但是，它除(chu)了(le)其中一個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)G仍叫做控(kong)(kong)制極(ji)(ji)外(wai)，另外(wai)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)通(tong)常卻(que)不(bu)再叫做陽極(ji)(ji)和陰極(ji)(ji)，而統稱為主電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)Tl和T2。它的(de)(de)(de)符號也和普通(tong)可控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)不(bu)同，是把兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)可控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)反接在一起畫(hua)成的(de)(de)(de)，如圖2所示(shi)。它的(de)(de)(de)型號，在我國一般用(yong)“3CTS”或“KS”表示(shi);國外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)資料也有用(yong)“TRIAC”來表示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)。雙向可控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)的(de)(de)(de)規格、型號、外(wai)形以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)引(yin)腳(jiao)排列依生產廠家不(bu)同而有所不(bu)同，但其電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)引(yin)腳(jiao)多(duo)數(shu)是按T1、T2、G的(de)(de)(de)顧序(xu)從(cong)左(zuo)至右排列(觀(guan)察(cha)時，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)引(yin)腳(jiao)向下，面對標(biao)有字符的(de)(de)(de)一面)。
晶閘管(guan)
晶閘管(Thyristor)是晶體閘流管的簡稱，又被稱做可控硅整流器，以前被簡稱為可控硅;1957年美國通用電氣公司開發出世界上第一款晶閘管產品，并于1958年將其商業化;晶閘管是PNPN四層半導體結構，它有三個極：陽極，陰極和控制極; 晶閘管具有硅整流器件的特性，能在高電壓、大電流條件下工作，且其工作過程可以控制、被應用于可控整流、交流調壓、無觸點電子開關、逆變及變頻等電子電路中。
工(gong)作原理(li)
晶閘(zha)管(guan)在工作(zuo)過程中(zhong)，它的(de)(de)陽極(A)和陰極(K)與(yu)電(dian)源和負載連(lian)接，組(zu)(zu)成晶閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)(de)主電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，晶閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)(de)門極G和陰極K與(yu)控制(zhi)晶閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)(de)裝置連(lian)接，組(zu)(zu)成晶閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)。晶閘(zha)管(guan)為(wei)半(ban)控型電(dian)力電(dian)子器件，它的(de)(de)工作(zuo)條(tiao)件如下(xia)：

1. 晶(jing)閘(zha)管承受(shou)反向陽(yang)極電壓時，不管門極承受(shou)何(he)種電壓，晶(jing)閘(zha)管都(dou)處于反向阻斷狀(zhuang)態(tai)。
2. 晶閘(zha)管(guan)承受正向(xiang)陽極電(dian)壓時(shi)(shi)，僅在門極承受正向(xiang)電(dian)壓的(de)情況下晶閘(zha)管(guan)才導(dao)通。這時(shi)(shi)晶閘(zha)管(guan)處于正向(xiang)導(dao)通狀(zhuang)態，這就是(shi)晶閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)閘(zha)流特性(xing)(xing)，即可(ke)控特性(xing)(xing)。
3. 晶(jing)閘管(guan)在導(dao)通(tong)情況(kuang)下(xia)，只要有一(yi)定(ding)的正(zheng)向陽極(ji)電壓(ya)，不論(lun)門(men)極(ji)電壓(ya)如(ru)何，晶(jing)閘管(guan)保持導(dao)通(tong)，即晶(jing)閘管(guan)導(dao)通(tong)后，門(men)極(ji)失(shi)去(qu)作用。門(men)極(ji)只起觸發作用。
4. 晶閘管(guan)(guan)在導通情(qing)況下，當主回路電壓(或電流)減(jian)小(xiao)到接近于零時(shi)，晶閘管(guan)(guan)關斷。
可控硅與晶閘管的區(qu)別
晶閘管(THYRISTOR)又名(ming)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)，屬于(yu)功(gong)率器(qi)件領域，是一種(zhong)功(gong)率半導體開關元(yuan)件，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)是其(qi)簡稱(cheng)，按其(qi)工作特性，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分為(wei)單向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(SCR)、雙(shuang)(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)(TRIAC)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)也(ye)稱(cheng)作晶閘管，它是由PNPN四層半導體構成的(de)元(yuan)件，有三個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極、陽極A、陰極K和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)極G。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)能夠實現交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)無(wu)觸點(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，以小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，并且不(bu)象繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)那樣控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)時有火(huo)花產(chan)生(sheng)，而且動(dong)作快、壽命長、可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)靠性好。在調(diao)速、調(diao)光、調(diao)壓、調(diao)溫(wen)以及其(qi)他各種(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)有它的(de)身影(ying)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)分為(wei)單向(xiang)的(de)和(he)雙(shuang)(shuang)向(xiang)的(de)，符(fu)號也(ye)不(bu)同。
單向可(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)硅有(you)(you)三個PN結，由(you)外層的P極(ji)(ji)和N極(ji)(ji)引出(chu)兩個電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)，分別稱(cheng)為陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)和陰極(ji)(ji)，由(you)中(zhong)間(jian)的P極(ji)(ji)引出(chu)一個控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)極(ji)(ji)。單向可(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)硅有(you)(you)其獨特的特性：當陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)接(jie)反向電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，或(huo)者陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)接(jie)正(zheng)向電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)但控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)極(ji)(ji)不加(jia)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，它都不導(dao)通(tong)(tong)，而陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)和控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)極(ji)(ji)同(tong)時接(jie)正(zheng)向電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，它就會變成導(dao)通(tong)(tong)狀態。一旦導(dao)通(tong)(tong)，控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便失去了對它的控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)，不論有(you)(you)沒有(you)(you)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，也不論控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的極(ji)(ji)性如何，將一直處(chu)于導(dao)通(tong)(tong)狀態。要想關(guan)斷，只(zhi)有(you)(you)把陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降低(di)到(dao)某一臨界值或(huo)者反向。
雙(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)引腳多數是(shi)按T1、T2、G的(de)(de)順(shun)序從左(zuo)至右排(pai)列(lie)(電(dian)極(ji)引腳向(xiang)下，面對有(you)字符的(de)(de)一面時)。加(jia)在控(kong)(kong)制極(ji)G上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)觸(chu)發脈沖(chong)的(de)(de)大(da)小或時間改變時，就能(neng)改變其導通(tong)電(dian)流的(de)(de)大(da)小。與單向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)區別(bie)是(shi)，雙(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)G極(ji)上(shang)(shang)觸(chu)發脈沖(chong)的(de)(de)極(ji)性改變時，其導通(tong)方向(xiang)就隨著極(ji)性的(de)(de)變化而改變，從而能(neng)夠控(kong)(kong)制交流電(dian)負載。而單向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)經觸(chu)發后只能(neng)從陽極(ji)向(xiang)陰極(ji)單方向(xiang)導通(tong)，所以可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)有(you)單雙(shuang)向(xiang)之分。電(dian)子制作中(zhong)常用可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)，單向(xiang)的(de)(de)有(you)MCR-100等(deng)，雙(shuang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)有(you)TLC336等(deng)雙(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)按象限來分，又(you)分為四象三端雙(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)、三象限雙(shuang)向(xiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui);按封(feng)裝分：

分(fen)為(wei)一般半塑封(feng)裝(zhuang)，外絕緣式全(quan)塑封(feng)裝(zhuang);按觸(chu)發電流來(lai)分(fen)：分(fen)為(wei)微(wei)觸(chu)型(xing)(xing)、高(gao)(gao)靈敏度型(xing)(xing)、標準觸(chu)發型(xing)(xing);按電壓分(fen)：常規電壓品(pin)(pin)種、高(gao)(gao)壓品(pin)(pin)種。可控(kong)硅(gui)產品(pin)(pin)由于它(ta)在(zai)電路應(ying)用中的(de)效率高(gao)(gao)、控(kong)制特性(xing)好、壽命(ming)長、體積小、功(gong)能強等優點，自上(shang)個世(shi)紀(ji)六十長代(dai)以來(lai)，獲(huo)得(de)了(le)迅猛發展，并(bing)已(yi)形成了(le)一門(men)獨立的(de)學科。“晶閘管(guan)交流技術(shu)”。可控(kong)硅(gui)發展到現在(zai)，在(zai)工藝上(shang)已(yi)經非常成熟(shu)，品(pin)(pin)質更(geng)好，成品(pin)(pin)率大幅(fu)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，并(bing)向高(gao)(gao)壓大電流發展。
可控(kong)硅在應用電路中的(de)作用體(ti)現(xian)在：可控(kong)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)：如同二極管整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)一樣，將交流(liu)(liu)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)為直流(liu)(liu)，并(bing)且在交流(liu)(liu)電壓(ya)不變(bian)的(de)情況下(xia)，有效(xiao)地控(kong)制直流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)電壓(ya)的(de)大(da)小即可控(kong)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)，實現(xian)交流(liu)(liu)→可變(bian)直流(liu)(liu)之(zhi)轉變(bian);無觸點功率靜態開關(固(gu)態開關)：
作(zuo)(zuo)為功率(lv)(lv)開關(guan)元(yuan)件(jian)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以代(dai)替接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)開關(guan)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)很高(gao)的(de)(de)場合(he)。因此可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)元(yuan)件(jian)被應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備和電(dian)(dian)(dian)子產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，多作(zuo)(zuo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)整流(liu)、逆(ni)變、變頻(pin)、調壓(ya)、無(wu)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點開關(guan)等用(yong)(yong)途。家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)調光燈、調速風扇(shan)、冷暖空調器(qi)(qi)、熱水器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)視、冰(bing)箱、洗衣機(ji)、照相機(ji)、音響(xiang)組合(he)、聲控(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、定(ding)時控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)、感(gan)應燈、圣誕(dan)燈控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)、自動(dong)門電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、以及玩具裝置、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具產(chan)品(pin)、無(wu)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)遙(yao)控(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、攝像機(ji)等工業控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)領(ling)域等都大量使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)。在這些應用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)元(yuan)件(jian)多用(yong)(yong)來作(zuo)(zuo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)整流(liu)、逆(ni)變、變頻(pin)、調壓(ya)、無(wu)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點開關(guan)等。

原標題：深度剖析(xi)可控硅與(yu)晶閘管(guan)的區別 

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